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Zdi se, da je danes nekakšen kulturni trend, če zase trdiš, da si vegetarijanec. Mnogi se za vegetarijansko prehrano odločijo zaradi skrbi glede pravic živali ali okolja. Pogosti razlogi za izbiro vegetarijanske prehrane so tudi želje staršev, verska ali druga prepričanja ter zdravstvene težave.
Na žalost se veliko ljudi kar preusmeri v vegetarijanstvo, brez da bi se vsaj malo zamislili, kaj to pomeni za njihovo zdravje in kako to pravilno izvesti. Številni bolniki, ki sem jih videla v svoji vsakdanji praksi, so nevede poškodovali svoje telo z neprimerno vegetarijansko prehrano.
Upoštevajte, da namen tega članka ni zagovarjanje ali zavračanje vegetarijanstva. Gre za raziskovanje razlogov proti brezmesni prehrani z vidika TKM, da bi bralci lahko to analizirali in našli svoje stališče do te zadeve.
Biti vegetarijanec je več kot biti zdrav ali v trendu
Jasno mora biti, da vegetarijanstvo ni le izbira prehrane, temveč način življenja. Vegetarijanski način življenja zahteva disciplino, načrtovanje in zavestno prizadevanje za dobro uravnoteženo prehrano. Zahteva aktivno sodelovanje in osebno odgovornost. Človek mora preseči uživanje stvari samo zato, ker so dobrega okusa, in razviti odnos, da se prehranjuje zaradi ohranjanja zdravja in osebnega razvoja. Razumeti in sprejeti moramo tudi nekatere omejitve, ki so povezane z vegetarijanstvom. V nekaterih predelih sveta na primer vegetarijanska hrana ni na voljo vse leto in uživanje velikih količin uvožene hrane, zlasti iz drugega podnebnega ekosistema, je lahko bolj nezdravo kot kos slanine.
Vegetarijanstvo je v Aziji pogosto, vendar le pod strogimi pogoji
Vegetarijanstvo je v Aziji zelo razširjeno zaradi vpliva hinduizma in budizma. Vegetarijanska hrana je že dolgo sestavni del številnih azijskih kuhinj. Proizvodnja tofuja je bila prvič zabeležena v kitajski dinastiji Han (202 pr. n. št. - 220 n. št.). Prav tako je bil opisan koncept izdelave mesnih imitacij. A ker proizvajalci pakirane hrane uvajajo veganske alternative živilskim izdelkom živalskega izvora, kot sta na primer imitacija mesa in svinjine, je edini pomislek, "kako zdravo je preiti na popolnoma brezmesno prehrano?" in "kako praktično je to v sodobnem mestnem življenju?".
Budizem poudarja tako pomen "ne ubijanja" kot tudi pomen soočanja z lastnim pohlepom, aroganco in obsedenostjo, da bi si pridobili modrost, dobroto in moč, s katerimi bi se končno lahko rešili iz tega vznemirjajočega vesolja. Pravzaprav mnogi budistični menihi v Tibetu, na Šrilanki in Tajskem jedo meso kot del svoje prakse miloščine, kar pomeni, da prejemajo in sprejemajo vsa srečanja v svojem življenju, vključno s hrano, ki jim je dana. V nasprotju s Kitajsko ti menihi ne pridelujejo lastne hrane, temveč gredo na ulico in prejemajo hrano od civilistov.
Na Kitajskem je praksa vegetarijanstva med budističnimi menihi bolj stroga: zagotovo ne jedo mesa, nekateri predlagajo tudi opustitev jajc, spet drugi templji pa redijo lastno perutnino, da si lahko zagotovijo neoplojena jajca. Upoštevajte pa, da ti menihi živijo v samostanu daleč stran od mest (za katera menijo, da so moteča in nadležna) in večino časa preživijo z meditiranjem ali preučevanjem budističnih klasikov ali opravljanjem nujnih opravil, kot je pridelovanje lastne hrane, nato pa gredo zelo zgodaj spat.
Zdravje ni glavna skrb budističnih menihov. Dejansko verjamejo, da naše fizično telo ni nič drugega kot nosilec, ki zadržuje našo dušo, in bo slej ko prej usahnilo.
Po mojem mnenju je čisto vegetarijanstvo v redu, če: (1) živite v prestižnem okolju, ne da bi delali izredno težko delo, zlasti mentalno delo (2) imate nekaj posebnih genov in (3) imate določen duhovni um, sicer pa je nepraktično v konkurenčni družbi.
V Aziji je na sploh uveljavljena raznolika prehrana: [Preberite si več o japonski prehrani in kaj vključuje] [Preberite si več o koristih japonske prehrane]
Meso in TKM
Fiziologija TKM večinoma temelji na taoizmu in ne na budizmu. Taoizem poudarja spoštovanje in usklajevanje z naravo. Ubijanje, naj se sliši še tako kruto in neusmiljeno, je le del narave. Tehnično gledano moramo za vegetarijanski obrok ubiti tudi rastlino in številne škodljivce ali plevel.
Na podlagi večstoletne prakse TKM je vsa materija, živa in neživa, dinamično ravnovesje različnih energij in materialov, ki ustvarjajo samoregulativen in delujoč sistem. Bolezni nastanejo, ko to notranje ravnovesje porušijo skrajni dejavniki, kot so vdor zunanjih patogenov, notranja nezadostnost ali kopičenje prevelikih energij in materialov, kar povzroči odpoved normalnih funkcij.
TKM verjame, da uživanje živalskih proizvodov pomaga vzpostaviti naravno ravnovesje v telesu in zdraviti bolezni. Vendar pa lahko uživanje prevelikih količin mesa tudi poruši ravnovesje v telesu in povzroči bolezni. Skratka, veganska prehrana po načelih tradicionalne kitajske medicine (TKM) ni priporočljiva. Po drugi strani pa je majhna količina mesa, ki jo ta načela priporočajo, za ljubitelje mesa že "vegetarijanska prehrana".
[Preberi več: Dao in TKM] [Preberi več: Izvor TKM in kitajske modrosti - I Ching/ Yi Jing (knjiga sprememb)]
Zdrava prehrana je uravnotežena prehrana
V skladu s klasiko tradicionalne kitajske medicine Huangdi Neijing, ali znano tudi kot Medicinska klasika Rumenega cesarja, bi morala zdrava prehrana zajemati v glavnem žitarice skupaj z znatnim deležem zelenjave in fižola ob spremstvu mesa in dopolnitvijo s sadjem. V svoji klinični praksi predlagam razmerje 40/40/20 za žitarice/kuhana zelenjava ali gobe ali fižol/meso ali lokalno sezonsko sadje.
Tradicionalna kitajska medicina priporoča izvajanje samokontrole in doseganje ravnovesja v vseh pogledih. Ljudje bi morali zmerno uživati vsak vir prehrane, vsak drugačen okus, vsak različen del rastlin ali živali, nabranih v različnih letnih časih, saj vsak od njih edinstveno služi določenim življenjskim funkcijam, ki jih ni mogoče obnoviti ali nadomestiti.Za večino ljudi v današnjih časih je lažje sprejeti "fleksitariianski" pristop. To je pretežno rastlinska prehrana, ki omogoča zmerno uživanje mesa in živalskih izdelkov. Poleg vsakodnevne prakse 40/40/20 priporočam tudi vsaj en do dva dni na mesec kot "dan brez mesa ali brez sladic" kot vajo vzdrževanja in ravnovesja.
TCM view on a vegetarian diet
It seems to be a sort of trendy cultural thing these days to claim oneself to be a vegetarian. Many people choose a vegetarian diet out of concern over animal rights or the environment. While parental preferences, religious or other beliefs, and health issues are also common reasons for choosing to be a vegetarian.
Unfortunately, many people seem to be just switching to vegetarianism without the slightest idea about what this means for their health and how to do it properly. Many patients I have seen in my daily practice have been unknowingly damaging their body by adopting an inappropriate vegetarian diet.
Please note that this article is not intended to be an argument for or against vegetarianism. It is an exploration of reasons against meat-free diet from a TCM perspective, to enable the readers to analyze this and find their own ground on this issue.
Being a vegetarian is beyond being healthy or trendy
It should be clear that being a vegetarian is not merely a diet choice, but a way of life. A vegetarian lifestyle requires discipline, planning, and a conscious effort to maintain a well-rounded diet. It requires becoming actively involved, and personal responsibility. One must mature beyond eating things simply because they taste good and develop an attitude of eating for health preservation and personal cultivation. And we must understand and accept certain limitations of being or not being vegetarian. For example, in some areas of the world, vegetarian food is not available the whole year and eating large amounts of imported food, particularly from a different climate ecosystem, could be more unhealthy than a piece of bacon.
Vegetarianism is common in Asia, only under strict conditions
Vegetarianism in Asia is very common because of the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism. Vegetarian food has long been an integral part of many Asian cuisines. In fact, Tofu making was first recorded in the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) of China. And, so was the concept of making mock meat. But with the packaged food manufacturers launching vegan alternatives to animal-based food products such as mock meat and pork, the only concern out here is, “how healthy is it to go completely meatless?” and “how practical is it in modern city life?”
Buddhism emphasizes the importance of “not killing” as much as the importance of facing our own greed, arrogance and obsession in order to gain wisdom, kindness and strength that finally we can get away from this upsetting universe. As a matter of fact, many Buddhist monks in Tibet, Sri Lanka, Thailand do eat meat as part of their alms practice, meaning they receive and accept all the encounters in their lives, including the food that they are given. Unlike in China, these monks do not cultivate their own food but rather to go on the street and receive food from civilians.
In China, the practice of vegetarianism among Buddist monks is more strict, they do not eat meat for sure, some also suggest quitting eggs while some temples do keep their own poultry to provide non-seminated eggs. Please note that, however, these monks live in a monastery far away from cities (where they believe upsetting and annoying) and they spend most of their time meditating or studying Buddhism classics or doing the necessary chores like cultivating their own food then go to bed extremely early.
Getting healthy is not the main concern of Buddhist monks. Indeed, they believe that our physical body is nothing more than a carrier that holds our soul which is destined to rot sooner or later.
In my opinion, pure vegetarianism is fine if you (1) live in a prestigious environment, without doing extremely hard work, particularly mental work (2) have some special genes and (3) have a certain spiritual mind, otherwise it is impractical in a competitive society.
In Asia, nutrition is very diverse: [Read more about the Japanese diet and what foods does it include] [Read more about Health benefits of the Japanese diet]
Meat and TCM
TCM physiology is mostly based on Taoism instead of Buddhism. Taoism emphasizes respecting and harmonizing with nature. Killing, as cruel and ruthless as it sounds, is only part of nature. Technically, we also need to kill a plant and many pests or weeds for a vegetarian meal.
Based on the centuries-old practice of TCM, all matters, living and non-living, is a dynamic balance of different energies and materials creating a self-regulating and functioning system. Diseases arise when this internal balance is destroyed by extreme factors like an invasion of external pathogens, internal insufficiency or accumulation of excessive energies and materials leading to failure of normal functions.
TCM believes that the utility of animal products helps to restore the body to a natural state of equilibrium, and treat diseases. However, eating too much meat can also disturb the body’s balance and cause diseases. In short, a vegan diet is not recommended under the principles of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). On the other hand, the small amount of meat advocated by the principles is already a "vegetarian diet" for meat lovers.
[Read more: Dao and TCM] [Read more: The origin of TCM and Chinese wisdom - I Ching/ Yi Jing (the book of change)]
A healthy diet is a balanced diet
According to the Traditional Chinese medicine classic Huangdi Neijing, or also known as the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine, a healthy diet should have grains as the major proportion, along with a substantial portion of vegetables and beans, then accompanied by meat and supplemented by fruit. In my clinical practice, I suggest a 40/40/20 ratio on grains/cooked plants or mushrooms or beans/meat or local seasonal fruit.
Traditional Chinese medicine recommends exercising self-control and achieving balance in every aspect. People should consume in moderation every nutrition source, every different taste, every different part of the plants or animals, harvested throughout different seasons as each of them uniquely serves certain vital functions that cannot be replenished or replaced.
For the majority of people in the modern days, it is easier to adopt a ‘flexitarian’ approach. This predominately is a plant-based diet that allows consumption of meat and animal products in moderation. Besides the daily 40/40/20 practice, I also recommend at least one to two “meat-free days or dessert-free days” per month as a practice of restraining and balance.
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